Essay about Dont Be Afraid to Die in Socrates Phaedo

Throughout the course of the Phaedo, Socrates argues that the soul is immortal. Because he believes that his soul will live on forever, Socrates claims that he is not afraid to die. Socrates was sentenced to death and due to the fact that he took the poison earlier than when was necessary, many believe that he committed suicide. Contrary to what may be presumed about Socrates’ death, I will argue that he is a martyr and did not commit suicide. Suicide is defined as taking one’s life for the sake of oneself. Killing oneself, does not necessarily mean suicide because suicide is inherently selfish and completely focused on the individual. The reason for killing oneself changes whether it is suicide or not. Suicide has a very negative†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I do not expect any benefit from drinking the poison a little later, except to become ridiculous in my own eyes for clinging to life, and be sparing of it when there is none left† (152). He feels it is a waste of time â€Å"clinging on to life.† Instead, one should embrace death. Socrates explains that philosophy is the preparation for death. In other words, Socrates has spent the majority of his life preparing for the separation of his body and soul. â€Å"†¦the one aim of those who practice philosophy in the proper manner is to practice for dying and death† (101). He says that because our souls are immortal, we should embrace death and look forward to what it has to offer for our souls. To confirm this belief, Socrates again states, â€Å"†¦the freedom and separation of the soul from the body is called death†¦those who practice philosophy in the right way, we say, who always want to free the soul; and this release and separation of the soul from the body is the preoccupation of the philosophers† (104). A philosopher’s ambition, when looking toward death, is to free the soul from its body; therefore, when one dies, the soul lives on and the body does not. I believe that Socrates plays the role of a martyr because of his passion and dedication towards finding evidence that supports his argument that the soul is immortal. Because Socrates questioned authority he was sentenced the death penalty. Socrates has so much faith that the soul will live on forever, that heShow MoreRelatedThe Death Of Death And Death1300 Words   |  6 PagesOn the topic of death, a question had been made on whether immortality is preferable to dying. In Plato’s Phaedo, Socrates’ death scene, Socrates has one last philosophical conversation with his friends about what happens to the soul when it leaves the body after death. Socrates believes that the soul is immortal, meaning that it will live on even when the body does not. The themes in Phaedo are similar to those in Leo Tolstoy’s â€Å"The Death of Ivan Ilych,† which tells the story of a man named IvanRead MoreSocrates Worldview Of Socrates1855 Words   |  8 PagesPart 1: Socra tes’ Worldview Socrates is a widely renowned teacher, who has taught and demonstrated a variety of lessons that regard how he views the world. Socrates has described his view on morality, purpose, death, and the ultimate. He has spoken about these views through multiple texts including The Last Days of Socrates and they have been interpreted through the text Socrates by George Rudebusch. Through these worldviews, Socrates has given people the opportunity to expand their wisdom andRead MorePlato Is One Of The Greatest And Well Known Philosophers1388 Words   |  6 Pages Plato is one of the greatest and well known philosophers of all time. Born around 428 BC, Plato grew up in Greece learning from Socrates, another well known philosopher. Later in life, Plato taught Aristotle who was also a well known philosopher. His works of writing and thoughts about life have significantly impacted the Western culture in numerous ways. In selected readings of Plato, he seems to place importance on wisdom, and how to attain wisdom. Plato argues that in order to attain pure knowledgeRead MoreSocratic Ethics Essay2636 Words   |  11 Pagesthe rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions. Socrates discusses this many times in his teachings, specifically in the readings, Euthyphro, the Apology, the Crito and the Phaedo. Socrates’ main question was â€Å"What is the good life?† and his pursuit was to find out how to live this â€Å"good life†. Socrates’ pursuit of the â€Å"good life† helped him to identify knowledge with virtue. He equated knowledge with good or virtue andRead MorePlato Reflection Paper1076 Words   |  5 PagesI remember growing up through the years, and I was always taught that once you die, your soul would float up to heave and that’s how you would live the rest of your days. This was my conception of the self; you would live out your days on earth but ascend to heaven once it was your time. Plato’s conception of the self is different from mine and is very interesting. Plato describes that your soul is immortal and that your body is just an obstacle for your body, that you gain all of this wisdom fromRead MoreGod, Religion and Plato1293 Words   |  5 Pagesforms do not mix, like beauty and goodness are completely separate forms. They are simple in that they can’t be broken down; they just are beauty or goodness. Finally they are eternal meaning that the forms don ’t die out like the things on earth, they have no physical body and therefor cannot die. Plato says that things on earth can participate in the forms in the sense that they reflect that form. If we take a flower for example, Plato would say that the flower reflects the form of beauty, since manyRead MorePlatos The Last Days of Socrates: Phaedo, Wisdom, and the Soul2420 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Read the following in Platos The Last Days of Socrates: Phaedo Wisdom and the Soul Plato sees death as a good thing and the way we can understand this is by reference to the Platonic forms. The platonic forms are the essence of the abstract; they are the purity and the true Good that are clouded by materialism. For instance, we have beauty that is hidden in aesthetic objects (or in love); we have Justice, Truth, and many other Ideals. Access to these Ideals affords us true bliss and Knowledge

A Look At Israel s Economy - 3116 Words

Countries since the beginning of time have traded, competed, and influenced the world economy. A country’s political views, religious views, and culture all play an important role in how the country conducts business in the global market. They also play a role in how a specific country makes economic decisions as well as the result of those decisions and how it transitions to the world market. It is extremely important to understand the role of each country and how it conducts business in the global economy. The main focus of this essay is to take an indepth look at Israel’s economy both internally and globally. Israel has been around for millions of years and is one of the most fought over lands in the world. Israel’s history begins when†¦show more content†¦Although Israel is only about the size of New Jersey it has all the geographical features a continent would have. For example if we were to look at Israel on the map we could identify the fertile va lleys in the North, the coastal plain of the Mediterranean, to the mountainous Negev desert in the South, and finally to the Jordan valley. Israel is packed with a variety of geographical features, all of which can be seen within a matter of minutes from each other. It would only take a little over an hour to travel from the most western part of Israel to the eastern end by car and about six hours to travel from the most northern part to the southern tip. The total population of Israel is about 7,821,850, it is currently 99th most populated area compared to the rest of the world. About 341,400 people live in the West Bank, approximately 18,900 live in the Golan Heights (2012); approximately 196,400 Israeli settlers live in East Jerusalem (â€Å"MIDDLE EAST: ISRAEL. Central Intelligence Agency). Of the total population about 75% are Jewish, 17% Muslim, 2% Christian, 1.6% Druze and about 4% Other. Hebrew is the official spoken language, however Arabic is used officially for the Arab minority, and English is the most commonly used foreign language (Central Intelligence Agency). Some of the main areas of population are Tel Aviv (3.4 million people), Haifa (1.1 million), and the capital Jerusalem which as of 2007

Why the Drinking Age Should Stay 21 free essay sample

This act has caused controversy for years, there even is group of 136 college presidents called Amethyst Initiative that support a lower minimum legal drinking age (MLDA). All of these college presidents have signed a petition that agrees with lowering the MLDA. The Amethyst Initiative teamed up with another Association called Choose Responsibly that also believes MLDA should be lowered. The Choose Responsibility association published an informative letter written by John McCardell expressing many arguments and reason why they believe the MLDA should be lowered. I read this article and many other articles that believe the MLDA should be lowered. I disagree with all of them for three reasons my first reason is that lowering the MLDA would increase consumption of minors and cause more binge drinking in America, my second reason is that changing the age to twenty one has saved that many lives, and the third reasons is that the drinking before 21 can delay brain development. Becoming an adult in this country should be a process young Americans should have to deal with getting freedoms and rights on age at a time. There is no way an 18 year old is mature enough to drink without learning how to handle having certain rights and freedoms first. For instance, the national alcohol related fatalities rate in 1984, before the MLDA was raised to 21was 4,612 deaths in a year. Since then in 2006, 2,121 people ages 16 to 20 died in alcohol-related fatalities on U. S. roads, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA). However some supporters of lowering the MLDA such as John McCardell argue the reason the fatalities have decreased is because of improved safety in cars. McCardell states in his article â€Å"improvements in seat-belt use and air bag improvements are the reason the number of fatalities decreased†. However, McCardell forgets to mention that traffic fatalities unrelated to alcohol have also increased 21 percent in the age group of 16 to 20 year olds during the same period of time (NHTSA). In 1984 2,915 people died in unrelated alcohol accidents and in 2006 3,537 died in unrelated accidents (NHTSA). Car safety nothing to do with the drop in alcohol related fatalities, changing the MLDA back to 21 has caused a drop in alcohol related deaths. There are some reasonable arguments that McCardell and other supporters of lowering the MLDA have. One of their biggest arguments is that a large majority of people under 21 drink any ways and many of them dangerously binge drink. This is a true statement according to the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDH) 48% of 18 to 20 year olds consumed alcohol a month prior to the survey and 33 % of 18 and 20 years old binge drinking. However many supporters of lowering MLDA believe the reason these numbers are so high is because alcohol is outlawed and these young people feel the rush of breaking the law. Ruth Eng a supporter of lowering the MLDA writes in her article (Why the Drinking Age Should be Lowerd) â€Å"drinking by teenagers is seen as a forbidden fruit, a badge of rebellion against authority and a symbol adult hood. † However, if Eng s theory is correct the binge drink rates and alcohol consumption rates would lower once young adults turn 21 because it’s finally legal to drink. On the contrast, Eng’s theory is s wrong the rates actually sore higher once American citizens’ enter the age group of 21 to 25 years old, the amount of binge drinkers in this age group increase 12. % and the consumption level jump to 70%(NSDH). These statistics’ prove Engs theory that because Alcohol consumption is illegal for young adults tend to consume alcohol and abuse alcohol more often. If their theory was true the binge drinking rate for 21 to 25 years olds would not be 45. 5% in 2010. Another statistic that proves Engs â€Å"forbidden fruit theory† w rong is the statistic noted by the University of Michigans Monitoring the Future study, they found that a proportion of those 19- to 22-year-olds that binged drank two weeks prior to their surveyed in 1984 was 40. % and their current study in 2006 found that only 38. 1% binged drank 2 weeks prior to the recent survey, Which; proves that the 1984 act has decreased binge drinking by 2% in America. This drop in binge drinking rates may only be a small drop in binge drinking rates. Which, convey that Americans do have a high percentage of binge drinkers. This problem brings up another argument that supporters of lowering the drinking age bring up. Supporters of lowering the MLDA compared America to other countries that have a minimum drinking age of 18. Supporters of lowering the MLDA say that in countries where the drinking age 18 young people drink smarter. John McCardell points out some interesting statistic he states† in southern European countries ratios of all drinking occasions to intoxication occasions were quite low roughly one in ten while in the United States, almost half of all drinking occasions involving 15 and 16 year-olds resulted in intoxication. † McCardell statistic is partially correct all of the southern European countries 15 and 16 year olds do have lower rates of intoxication than Americas 15 and 16 year old except Spain. According to the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (EPAS) this southern European country reported that 25% of 15 and 16 year old in the survey were intoxicated in the previous month. In Comparison, to America were only 18% of 15 to 16 year olds were intoxicated in the previous month. McCardell also left some important information out that the U. K, Ireland, Finland, Denmark, and Austria all had higher intoxication rates in the month prior to the survey in the age group of 15 and 16 years old. All of these countries have a minimum drinking age no higher than 18 years old and are northern and eastern European countries. Getting drunk at the young ages of 15 and 16 years old is not safe at all because the brain is still developing at that age. The American Medical Association (AMA) reported in their Article Drinking Underage is D. U. M. B that â€Å"the brain goes through dynamic change during adolescence, and alcohol can seriously damage long- and short-term growth processes. They explain that the â€Å"Frontal lobe development and the refinement of pathways and connections in the brain continues until age 16, and a high rate of energy is used as the brain matures until age 20(AMA). † This is important to know because Alcohol is a chemical that damages the hippocampus and prefrontal lobe areas of the brain. This damagebeing done can impair short term memory and makes learning much harder for teens. The AMA revealed 4 research findings in their article on studies done on adolescents that use alcohol. The first research finding was that adolescent drinkers scored worse than non-users on vocabulary, general information, memory. The second finding was memory retrieval and at least three other tests Verbal and nonverbal information recall was most heavily affected, with a 10 percent performance decrease in alcohol users. The third finding was that adolescent drinkers perform worse in school, are more likely to fall behind and have an increased risk of social problems, depression, suicidal thoughts and violence. The fourth and final finding was Alcohol affects the sleep cycle, resulting in impaired learning and memory as well as disrupted release of hormones necessary for growth and maturation. After hearing all the damage that alcohol can do to a teenager’s brain it would be absurd for America to lower the drinking age, especially after hearing that countries with MLDA’s of 18 have a higher consumption rate at the age 15 and 16 years old. The age of 21 is the perfect age to start consuming alcohol because the brain has fully developed. I personally got the chills from hearing these facts because I have been drinking since I was 13 years old and been binge drinking since I was 16 years old. The AMAs’ article has started me thinking about how much brain damage I have probably given myself. Until about a year ago always believed that the age of consumption should be lowered to 18. My parents would always hear me repeatedly say â€Å"if I am old enough to die for my country why can’t I be old enough to by a beer. I did not start to realize why the MLDA being 21 is such a good thing until I was about 20 years old. I started to realize that each year I got older it became easier for me to get alcohol and if I had as much accessibility to alcohol as I do now there would be no way I would be mature enough to handle and control my partying habits. I explained this to my father a man who grew up when the drinking age was eighteen and he agreed with. My father told me â€Å"it’s a good thing they lowered the drinking age thing were way to out of hand back then† he went on to tell me all kinds of insane stories consisting of bar fights, motor vehicle accidents, and many other ridiculously wild events that involved alcohol. I feel I grew up during a much safer time period than he did because alcohol is harder to acquire and places to drink it illegally are harder to find. If the drinking age was lower than 21 I personally believe my chances of dying would have been greatly increased. Becoming adult in America should be a process; 18 year olds should have to take on responsibilities such as voting, jury duty, serving their country if at war, and learning to live on their own. These responsibilities and rights given to young adult’s help Americans mature at a steady pace. Giving a person a whole bunch of freedom and responsibilities all at once could result in chaos. The young adult may not be mature enough to handle it all. That’s why I thinking keeping the drinking age 21 is good for America. It has been proven that keeping MLDA to 21 helps prevent alcohol related fatalities, prevents young adults under 21 from binge drinking, and prevents teenagers from damaging brain development because alcohol is hard to acquire at such a young age. I believe the focus should not be on lowering the drinking age but the focus should be on coming up with new laws that prevent underage drinking. There is a problem in America with the amount of minors and young adults excessively drinking. The government needs to focus on ways to prevent the amount of young adults in this nation from drinking. .

Leading Countries in Terms of Pollution and Emission

Question: Describe about the Essay for Leading Countries in Terms of Pollution and Emission? Answer: Introduction The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held in Paris, 2015 to discuss about a global collaboration among countries for reducing climate change (Stokman and Thomson 2015). The agreements that were finalized in the meeting will only be valid if at least 55% of the main polluting nations agree to the conditions and apply the new proposed structure in their general administration system (Carraro et al. 2015). The agreement will be signed between April 2016 and April 2017 (Jacobson 2015). Goals were also set to reduce global warming and limit it to less than 2C (Almansoori and Betancourt-Torcat 2015). In this report, the effects of the decisions made in UNFCCC on the energy policies of United Arab Emirates (UAE), one of the major oil producing nations of the world. This report mainly focuses on the existing energy policies of UAE and an analysis on how the UNFCCC meeting outcomes will bring a change in the existing energy policy structure of the country. Another focal point of this report will be the analysis of UAEs proposed plans to reduce use of fossil fuels, which are responsible for greenhouse gas emission, and introduce the use of green and renewable energy sources in their general industrial set up. Moreover, this report also provides some recommendations for the country to implement their new energy policies successfully and maintain their economic development. Discussion United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one of the major oil-producing nations of the world and a leading nation in terms of fossil fuel combustion and pollution (Khondaker et al. 2016). However, UAE have pledged full commitment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change at the Paris Conference, 2015 (Podobnik 2015). According to La Torre et al. (2015), UAE also accepted the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) model structure in order to help developing countries that are highly dependent on the fossil fuels produced by countries like UAE (Schmidt and Huenteler 2016). The action structure proposed by UAE was in harmony with the objectives of UNFCCC and is likely to benefit both adaptation and mitigation of developing countries (Jayaraman et al. 2015). Following the UNFCCC of 2015, UAE have implemented a new national development structure named Vision 2021 (Carraro et al. 2015). The main focus is mainly based on a strategy of Green Growth, which supports the use of renewable and environment friendly energy sources instead of fossil fuels and non-renewable energy sources (Almansoori and Betancourt-Torcat 2015). This strategy is also important for social and economic development of the country by providing sustainable resources (Jacobson 2015). Effect of UNFCCC on UAE Energy Policies: New Energy Policies After the UNFCCC recommendations, the UAE administration members designed a new energy policy for the country (Mondal et al. 2016). This included several new policies (Gherboudj and Ghedira 2016). Target for Clean Energy UAE is the first country of its region to design a Clean Energy policy for supporting uses for renewable and sustainable sources of energy (Vergnetti et al. 2016). According to Khondaker et al. (2016), since the planning, UAE has progressed far in using environment friendly energy sources. In addition, they have recorded the lowest price of solar energy in the whole world (Wang et al. 2016). They have set targets to further exploit sustainable energy sources like nuclear energy (Froggatt and Schneider 2015). Upgrade of Heavy Industries and Oil Gas Sectors Owing to its huge oil reserves, UAE has many heavy industries and refineries that consume a large amount of fossil fuels for operation (La Torre et al. 2015). For this reason, these industries emit huge amount of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and hence, cause massive environmental pollution (Podobnik 2015). UAEs National Oil Company was the first company to promote less gas flares, which are the main reasons for emission of greenhouse gases (Gherboudj and Ghedira 2016). Additionally, carbon abatement procedures are to be introduced in heavy industries for increasing efficiency of resources (Froggatt and Schneider 2015). In addition, UAE has also applied this policy in steel manufacturing industries, where steel products are processed to be used as instruments in oil fields (Wang et al. 2016). Water and Energy Efficiency UAE has undertaken a new policy to reduce demands for non-renewable energy sources and water by introduction of renewable and sustainable energy sources (Mondal et al. 2016). For this, the administration has applied the following measures (Almansoori and Betancourt-Torcat 2015): Reform of Tariff UAE have reduced tariff values for clean and renewable energy sources to promote their use in industries and other sectors (Lema and Lema 2016). They have also restructured the tariff structure for all energy sources for reducing pollution to a certain extent by 2021 (Carraro et al. 2015). Efficiency Standards A major portion of pollution in UAE comes from construction of large buildings (Al Awar 2015). The UAE government has aimed to reduce this pollution by introduction of green buildings, which involve use of eco-friendly construction materials (Stokman and Thomson 2015). Several efficiency standards have also been applied to regulate energy usage and efficiency (Jacobson 2015). Demand Management UAE government has also designed a new policy to raise public awareness and manage public demands (Khondaker et al. 2016). This policy includes new structure of water and electricity bills, which gives residents more details about their daily consumption (Podobnik 2015). District Cooling Due to extreme climate in UAE, most of the energy consumed in residential areas involve use of air-conditioning devices (Carraro et al. 2015). Initiatives have been taken by the government to apply a district cooling process instead of individual cooling (Wang et al. 2016). Efficiency Standards for Appliances After the declarations in UNFCCC, UAE government has set new efficiency standards for air-conditioning devices and other electronic appliances (La Torre et al. 2015). This enables the government to monitor usage and efficiency of appliances and replace inefficient ones (Jayaraman et al. 2015). Transport Infrastructure Transport is another major polluting sector of the country (Lema and Lema 2016). Most of daily public and private vehicles use petroleum as the fuel, the combustion of which emits large amount of greenhouse gases (Al Awar 2015). To decrease this, UAE government has introduced a new category of vehicles that run on natural gas (Froggatt and Schneider 2015). Natural gas combustion produces much lesser amount of greenhouse gases (Mondal et al. 2016). Moreover, UAE government has funded in research for exploring the use of solar energy in vehicles (Almansoori and Betancourt-Torcat 2015). Using solar powered cars and natural gas powered vehicles will decrease the amount of pollution to a large extent (Khondaker et al. 2016). The country also applied emission standards for vehicles and imposed ban on vehicles, which surpasses emission standards (Gherboudj and Ghedira 2016). Waste Sector UAE government has also designed a specific policy for treatment of waste materials (Jacobson 2015). They have applied federal laws to control waste disposal and land filling (Mondal et al. 2016). This also includes fixed planning for disposal of wastes (Stokman and Thomson 2015). For application of these policies, UAE government has structured several strategies in general (Froggatt and Schneider 2015). These include: Awareness and Capacity Building This strategy mainly involves all the people living in the country (Carraro et al. 2015). For application of all regulation policies, the foremost objective will be to raise awareness among residents (Wang et al. 2016). In addition, every detail of the plan should be given to the residents so they understand the policies, their advantages and limitations (Jacobson 2015). As opined by Al Awar (2015), Local institutions and sectors also need to be addressed to promote use of environment friendly and efficient technologies (Podobnik 2015). Unique Circumstances of UAE Almansoori and Betancourt-Torcat (2015) said that, due to adverse climatic and geographical conditions, UAE faces unique challenge in application of new energy policies (La Torre et al. 2015). Therefore, it takes a lot of planning and strategy for the implementation of energy policies (Jayaraman et al. 2015). Specific Strategies UAE government acquired specific strategies to focus on the main problem areas (Khondaker et al. 2016). They also addressed needs for mitigation measures of greenhouse gases (Lema and Lema 2016). Challenges and Opportunities As discussed in the UNFCCC conference, Paris, UAE faces several challenges to adapt with climatic conditions and implement new energy policies (Gherboudj and Ghedira 2016). It also involves economic development of the country and future global recession in oil and gas usage (Al Awar 2015). The primary action plan of the country involves three distinct objectives (Lema and Lema 2016). It demands a proper outline of a distinct plan for strengthening the capacity of local sectors to realize the disadvantages of climate change in the regular economic development policy (Stokman and Thomson 2015). This is mainly because mitigation of greenhouse gases emission in UAE will have a significant impact in the economic structure of the country (Khondaker et al. 2016). According to Almansoori and Betancourt-Torcat (2015), the plan also demands a distinct strategy to address local sectors to identify, evaluate and combine actions to adjust with the change in climate within the development level in the country (Carraro et al. 2015). This strategy framework focuses on addressing risks regarding climate change while adapting to it (Jacobson 2015). The plan also aims to address various sectors to evaluate measures for achieving reduction of greenhouse gas emission (Froggatt and Schneider 2015). This also involves investment opportunities in a new mechanism of clean development (Wang et al. 2016). Recommendations After conducting a close study on the new energy policies of UAE in accordance with the proposed strategies at the UNFCCC, several measures can be recommended. UAE faces many challenges for enforcing of energy plan, for the diverse climatic, geographical and cultural conditions. Moreover, the new energy policies pose a threat to the existing economic structure of the country, since majority of the countrys income comes from the export of oil and gases (Mondal et al. 2016). Another major challenge is the difficulty of enforcing energy policies due to already lavish lifestyles of the high-class people of the country, who will not readily accept change in energy policies. These conditions pose severe threat to the countrys new policies following the UNFCCC conference. However, the energy policies should be implemented quickly by removing all the risk factors for saving the environment from destruction. First, UAE should plan new strategies to adapt with climatic conditions (Lema and Lem a 2016). The country should increase productivity of other natural resources so that it does not rely too much on the oil export for economic development. After ensuring these, the next part of the plan will be to raise awareness among all classes of people so that they understand the adverse effects of pollution and greenhouse effect. If all these can be successfully implemented, UAE will reduce a large amount of pollution from their heavy industries, transport system, and still maintain a stable economic system. Conclusion Finally, it can be concluded that before the UNFCCC conference in 2015, UAE was one of the leading countries in terms of pollution and emission of greenhouse gases. After the conference, UAE readily accepted action plans to reduce pollutions and already implemented several plans successfully. They are one of the foremost countries who readily accepted pollution measures and applied them in their administration policies. They have made a distinct plan, the Vision 2021, in which they aim to reduce pollution to a certain extent within 2021 by implementing new energy policies. In spite of being a major oil-producing nation, they accepted the need to use renewable and sustainable energy sources. In addition, they have provided funds for the research regarding exploitation of solar energy for daily use. The UAE government has also implemented several measures for conservation of energy and increasing efficiency of appliances. In this report, implications of UNFCCC, 2015 on the energy polic ies of UAE, the challenges faced by the government and target goals have been discussed. Moreover, several measures have been recommended for the proper application energy policies in the country. References AlAwar, M., 2015. Management of Water Resources in the UAE.International Journal of Environment and Sustainability (IJES),3(4). Almansoori, A. and Betancourt-Torcat, A., 2015. Design optimization model for the integration of renewable and nuclear energy in the United Arab Emirates power system.Applied Energy,148, pp.234-251. Carraro, C., Edenhofer, O., Flachsland, C., Kolstad, C., Stavins, R. and Stowe, R., 2015. The IPCC at a crossroads: Opportunities for reform.Science,350(6256), pp.34-35. Froggatt, A. and Schneider, M., 2015. Nuclear Power Versus Renewable EnergyA Trend Analysis [Point of View].Proceedings of the IEEE,103(4), pp.487-490. Gherboudj, I. and Ghedira, H., 2016. Assessment of solar energy potential over the United Arab Emirates using remote sensing and weather forecast data.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,55, pp.1210-1224. Jacobson, M.Z., 2015. Clean grids with current technology.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA,112, pp.15060-15065. Jayaraman, R., Colapinto, C., La Torre, D. and Malik, T., 2015. Multi-criteria model for sustainable development using goal programming applied to the United Arab Emirates.Energy Policy,87, pp.447-454. Khondaker, A.N., Hasan, M.A., Rahman, S.M., Malik, K., Shafiullah, M. and Muhyedeen, M.A., 2016. Greenhouse gas emissions from energy sector in the United Arab EmiratesAn overview.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,59, pp.1317-1325. La Torre, D., Jayaraman, R., Malik, T. and Pearson, Y.E., 2015, March. A polynomial goal programming model with application to energy consumption and emissions in United Arab Emirates. InIndustrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM), 2015 International Conference on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Lema, A. and Lema, R., 2016. Low-carbon innovation and technology transfer in latecomer countries: Insights from solar PV in the clean development mechanism.Technological Forecasting and Social Change. Mondal, M.A.H., Hawila, D., Kennedy, S. and Mezher, T., 2016. The GCC countries RE-readiness: Strengths and gaps for development of renewable energy technologies.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,54, pp.1114-1128. Podobnik, B., 2015. Global energy inequalities: exploring the long-term implications.journal of world-systems research,8(2), pp.252-274. Schmidt, T.S. and Huenteler, J., 2016. Anticipating industry localization effects of clean technology deployment policies in developing countries.Global Environmental Change,38, pp.8-20. Stokman, F.N. and Thomson, R., 2015. Forecasting the Paris 2015 UNFCCC Negotiations. Vergnetti, G., Wang, Y. and Tsai, I.T., 2016. Economic and Environmental Effects of Using Onboard Desalinated Ballast Water from Oil and Natural Gas Trade as a Source of Water Supply for Abu Dhabi.International Journal of Environmental Science and Development,7(3), p.185. Wang, Y., Almazrooei, S.A., Kapsalyamova, Z., Diabat, A. and Tsai, I.T., 2016. Utility subsidy reform in Abu Dhabi: A review and a Computable General Equilibrium analysis.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,55, pp.1352-1362.

air force history essays

air force history essays 1- The position of Chief Master Sergeants of the Air Force occupies the top enlisted grade, and has great responsibility and prestige in the Air Force. The objective of this background paper is to inform on the career progression, awards, and decorations of the former Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Thomas N. Barnes. In the first main point, I will trace the former CMSAF military career from Non-Commissioned Officer to Senior Non-Commissioned Officer Tier. Secondly, I will discuss the major awards and decorations of former CMSAF Thomas N. Barnes. CMSAF Thomas N. Barnes has been a significant figure in the development of Air Force History. 2- In April 1949 Chief Barnes entered the U.S. Air Force, and received his basic training at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. After completing basic training, he attended Aircraft and Engine School and Hydraulic Specialist School at Chanute Technical Training Center, Illinois. During this time period the Soviet had controlled East Germany came into existence as the German Democratic Republic. In October 1950, he was assigned to the fourth Troop Carrier Squadron of the 62nd Troop Carrier Group at McChord Air Force Base, Washington. This was in the period when the Air Force had spent much of the 1950s training and equipping itself for a nuclear conflict. In September 1951, he transferred to Tachikawa, Japan, and continued flight engineer duties. Chief Barnes transferred in June 1952 to the 30th Air Transport Squadron, Westover Air Force Base, Mass., where he attended C-118 school and continued his flight engineer duties in that aircraft. In September 1965, he went to Fairchild Air Force Base, Wash., and continued duties as senior controller. In October 1966 he entered the F-4 Field Training Detachment at George Air Force Base, Calif., and in December 1966 went to Southeast Asia. In addition, during this time there was an extended debate resulted in the defeat of a major civil ...

Free Essays on Personal Life

As a young adolescent my dad always preached at me about leaving cloths and my personal items around the house. At the time I did not agree with my dad because I thought that I could always just pick up my things later. So when I did not clean up after myself the articles would just pile up. If it sat there long enough I would be punished. After I was punished I would get angry because I didn’t think it was a big deal. As a young child I did not understand that it was wrong not to clean up after myself. I always thought that someone else would get it for me. But then I came to the realization that no one wants to pick up after someone else. So, after a while, my dad thought it was time for me to learn the lesson of picking up after myself. He told me for every item that was mine that was not where it should be, I would be grounded for a day. To teach me this lesson, he also would hide my things. He said they were not in their right place. I finally realized that he was serious, and that I needed to change my behavior. I began picking up after myself, which made life easier for me because now I can find all my belongings. It took less time to find my stuff because I always knew where everything was. I also felt a sense of responsibility. An added benefit of my new found behavior was that life was also easier for my family because my stuff was not always in their way. My dad and I got along much better after I started taking responsibility for myself. Now, as a young adult I am happy that my dad made me pick up after myself. His insistence on teaching me this lesson has also taught me self discipline. I use what I learn from this lesson in my life today. One of the ways this lesson has shaped my life is that I now have my own apartment and I often have friends over. A cleaner and less cluttered apartment has increased my friends opinion of me and the one I care the most about, my girlfriend Eylse, has also been... Free Essays on Personal Life Free Essays on Personal Life As a young adolescent my dad always preached at me about leaving cloths and my personal items around the house. At the time I did not agree with my dad because I thought that I could always just pick up my things later. So when I did not clean up after myself the articles would just pile up. If it sat there long enough I would be punished. After I was punished I would get angry because I didn’t think it was a big deal. As a young child I did not understand that it was wrong not to clean up after myself. I always thought that someone else would get it for me. But then I came to the realization that no one wants to pick up after someone else. So, after a while, my dad thought it was time for me to learn the lesson of picking up after myself. He told me for every item that was mine that was not where it should be, I would be grounded for a day. To teach me this lesson, he also would hide my things. He said they were not in their right place. I finally realized that he was serious, and that I needed to change my behavior. I began picking up after myself, which made life easier for me because now I can find all my belongings. It took less time to find my stuff because I always knew where everything was. I also felt a sense of responsibility. An added benefit of my new found behavior was that life was also easier for my family because my stuff was not always in their way. My dad and I got along much better after I started taking responsibility for myself. Now, as a young adult I am happy that my dad made me pick up after myself. His insistence on teaching me this lesson has also taught me self discipline. I use what I learn from this lesson in my life today. One of the ways this lesson has shaped my life is that I now have my own apartment and I often have friends over. A cleaner and less cluttered apartment has increased my friends opinion of me and the one I care the most about, my girlfriend Eylse, has also been...

Lee Iacocca Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Lee Iacocca - Research Paper Example He was also fired from Ford Motor Company but revamped the image of Chrysler Corporation. He is considered as a man of vision possessing great leadership skills often appreciated and criticized by many in the business world. The assignment aims at highlighting the leadership traits, approaches and insights of Lee Iacocca that fetched him a stupendous achievement of being ranked 18th in the list of highly influential American CEOs by Portfolio. His ideas and philosophies are well appreciated making him one of the highly respected business personalities across the world. It might amaze many but Lee Iacocca did not start his career as a top leader rather he earned this reputation through some extraordinary leadership skills and clear vision. While working with Ford Motor Corporation, he introduced one of the most interesting sales and marketing campaigns; 56 for 56 that aimed at offering loans on 1956 model cars by paying 20% as down payment and $56 per month. This campaign earned him great recognition in the organization making early inroads for future endeavors. His leadership traits include effective communication, high level of motivation, encouragement, charisma, competence and courage. His positive attitude and zeal to succeed in the short as well as in the long run acted as a positive catalyst for the organization that further offered wide arrays of benefits and advantages. Lee Iacocca always supported changes along with promoting other’s ideas. He believed in empowerment and leading by examples that helped in winning the trust and loyalty of his followers. His profound insights and charismatic personality impacted his followers in a positive manner compelling them to think different and positively in worst of situations. Some of the highly admired and appreciated leadership traits and characteristics of Lee Iacocca include: Ethics are a set of moral rules and regulations perceived differently in the

Is the developmental state strengthened or weakened by globalization Essay

Is the developmental state strengthened or weakened by globalization and global governance - Essay Example This made them the envy of the whole world because they were able to double their economies in a span of ten years. Ten years is a short period indeed as compared to fifty years that industrialized countries such as the United States of America and United Kingdom took to double their economies. The high economic growth rates and development in developmental states is attributable to the strength of a government when it genuinely and intelligently decides to engage its citizens and economic agents like companies to drive economic growth and development. Such governments put up key infrastructures and critical institutions and encourage its citizens to do businesses. Globalization and global governance offers both opportunities and threats to developmental states. They are the global engines in the twenty-first century and cannot be assumed. Globalization affects every country in the world through interactions between and among members of different states as they trade, travel and sport. It also happens when different countries sign international agreements on trade, security, environment and health. Is the developmental state strengthened or weakened by globalization and global governance? This question depends on the country’s features, it geographical positioning and leadership styles. Singapore is a developmental state that has benefited from globalization while Japan, South Korea and Malaysia seemed to have been shaken. A developmental state refers to an autonomous government (state) that has the capacity to plan and direct their own economies to ensure that resources are optimally allocated to achieve economic growth and development. Low (2004) asserts that developmental states exhibit authoritarian leadership styles and paternalistic governments. The state through its influential apparatus formulates and pursues national visions, missions and strategies that can deliver

Fieldtrip - King Arthur's Cave and Wye Valley Catchment Assignment

Fieldtrip - King Arthur's Cave and Wye Valley Catchment (Herefordshire) - Assignment Example It is important to highlight that the cave is located at the bottom of the low lying cliff that is at the mouth of the Lord Woods in the north eastern end in Doward, this is next to the Symonds Yat with a distance approximated to be 4 miles. It is known that the cave is said to have been inhabited by the early man in the upper Paleolithic era. The evidences that vindicate this are the archaeological exhibit that is the flint tools and the bones of the wooly mammoth. (Arthur, 2007). It is important to highlight that King Arthur’s cave is made of two chambers that intersect at the point of entrance. This is estimated to lie 300 feet above river Wye. It is important o note that one of the chambers is 25 feet in diameter and is circular in shape. The entrance also has a hearth that the archaeologists say was in existence for the past 12000 years. The Mesolithic artifacts have also been found in the cave. The chambers were called Bear’s den and Lion’s cave. This was because of the archaeological evidences that were confiscated in there. (John 2000). It is important to note that among the items that were found in the cave, the following were the ones that gave the evidence of the Mesolithic inhabitance as well the upper Paleolithic inhabitance. The bones were; wooly rhinoceros, cave bear and the hyena. The foreman of the elephant too was found in the cave. The people therefore spend much in the various areas that they spend their time in the name of visiting the place and this therefore earns foreign exchange to the country in question. The money that is earned from this is therefore use in the developments of the various infrastructural facilities that help in the boosting of the various economic sectors (John 2001). It is as well important to note the point that the Herefordshire is at the point of interconnection and at a point that it joins the Wye River. The place therefore has an added advantage of the valley is the nearby forest also acts

An Overview Of Peptic Ulcer Disease Health Essay

An Overview Of Peptic Ulcer Disease Health Essay Peptic ulcers are one of the most common gastrointestinal tract disorders. The recent past few decades have witnessed an increase in the rate of peptic ulcers occurrence in our human community (Thompson, 1996). It has evidently been shown from available statistics that an approximated over 10 percent of the human population are extremely at risk of suffering from the disease at some point in their lifetime (Cohen, 2007). Such statistics have also identified that peptic ulcers is more common in men than in women. This is attributed by many to the higher numbers of men engaged in alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking in the society compared to women (NDDIC, 2004). A peptic ulcer is a sore wound or red erosion area on the coating lining of the stomach called (gastric ulcer) or the small intestine called (duodenal ulcer). Duodenal ulcers tend to occur between the ages of 25 75, while gastric ulcers peak between the ages of 55 and 65. Other causes which have been associated with the dis ease include infections by helicobacter pylori. This is a bacterium which is known to attack the gastrointestinal tract thus leading to ulcers. However, it should be noted that genetic factors have also been claimed to cause peptic ulcer. There are many effects of peptic ulcer in the human body. Such include recurrent pains along the gastrointestinal tract, vomiting heartburns poor appetite and weight loss among others (The American College of Gastroenterology, 2009). It should however be realized that with our modern advancements in the medical field the treatment of peptic ulcers is now effective and sufficiently reliable. Such treatments might involve medication, dictated lifestyle, dietary supplements and undergoing surgical operation depending on the severity of the condition. Peptic Ulcer Disease Peptic ulcer disease had a great effect on morbidity and mortality until the last decades of the 20th century, when epidemiological trends started to point to a remarkable fall in its incidence. In addition, two important developments are associated with the decrease in rates of peptic ulcer disease: the discovery of effective and strong acid suppressants, and of Helicobacter pylori. The treatments of peptic ulcer disease have been changed with the discovery of the causes of peptic ulcer (Malfertheiner, P. Chan, F. McColl, K. 2009). Although significant advances in sciences, this disease remains an important medical problem, because the large use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive smoking, increase alcohol consumption, and life style that increase the risk of the disease. Therefore, this explains the reason for choosing this topic in order to promote healthy behavior and improve health outcomes throughout lifespan by giving attention to the preventive measures. This paper is written as a critical analysis and discussion of peptic ulcers disease. It gives a discussion on the causes and effects of peptic ulcers in the human body. Still discussed are the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease as well the common types of peptic ulcers that are found in the society. Peptic Ulcers Overview First is a definition of peptic ulcer and its types. An ulcer can be defined as; an area in digestive system where the tissue has been damaged or destroyed by stomach acid and other digestive enzyme. Peptic ulcer disease is a common term for ulcers that occur either in the stomach or upper part of the small intestine. A peptic ulcer is a lesion or open sore in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The digestive enzyme which is acidic and is secreted by the stomach cells oxidized the lining of the stomach or upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) causing ulcer. Therefore, eroding can be seen in the mucous membrane which is lining the digestive tract. Moreover, this will lead to cause a gradual breakdown of tissue. This breakdown causes a concerning or burning pain in the upper middle part of the abdomen (Stratemeier, 2009). Even though most of peptic ulcers are small in size, ulcers average between one-quarter and one-half inch in diameter they can cause a significant amount o f symptoms and discomforts. It is to be noted here that the pain caused by peptic ulcers is recurrent and may come and go for a few days or weeks but mainly goes after eating. In addition, there are two different types of peptic ulcers namely; duodenal ulcers and gastric ulcers. Stomach or gastric ulcers is the type of peptic ulcers which mainly affects the stomach while duodenal ulcers affect the upper most part of the small intestine near the stomach. Ulcers can happen at any age, although they are rare in children and teenagers. Duodenal ulcers usually occur twice as common in men more than women. On the other hand, stomach or gastric ulcers usually occur in people older than 60 years and are more common in women (Stratemeier, 2009). It is difficult to estimate exactly how common peptic ulcers are because so many people they will not suffer from any symptoms. However, a study that tested 1,000 adults at random found that four per cent of them had a peptic ulcer (NHS Choices, 2009 ). Causes Second is a discussion on the causes of peptic ulcers. To start with, in the normal lining of the stomach and small intestines there are a protective process from auto digestion by the gastric mucosal barrier, this gastric mucosal barrier will prevent the irritating acids from diffusing back to the underlying tissue. This defensive process can stop working properly, and the lining of the stomach or intestine breaks down for different reasons. Scientific evidence has sufficiently proved that peptic ulcers are caused by the malfunctioning of the stomachs natural lining protection mechanisms against the damage effects of digestive juices (NDDIC, 2004). Such malfunctioning have been claimed to be caused by a number of factors, like is the helicobacter pylorus, a bacterial organism which is the most frequent cause of peptic ulcers. This bacterium mainly eats the protective lining of the gastrointestinal tract. This allows the digestive juice produced by the human body to damage the inner and sensitive part of the stomach or duodenum lining thus causing pain. Just to be stated here is the evidence that though helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of peptic ulcers, there are many people in our population living with the bacteria but do not exhibit signs of the disease (Thompson, 1996). Still clear is that H. pylori is believed to be transmitted through oral to oral contact, so those living in crowed areas increases ones chances of contracting the infection. Another common cause of peptic ulcers is the continuous use of painkiller drugs such as, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Scientific evidence has clearly shown that such drugs are highly acidic and thus can easily lead to the wearing out of the digestive system lining (NDDIC, 2004). Still evident is the fact that this type of drugs blocks the flow of prostaglandins in the human body. It should be understood that this is the substance which is responsible for helpin g the flow of blood in the stomach and thus it helps in protecting the stomach from injury. This means that such drugs can compromise the stomach lining protection mechanism of the body and thus risking the occurrence of peptic ulcers in the body (Lanza, Chan, Quigley, 2009). Other causes of peptic ulcers include Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. This is commonly said to be a condition in which the pancreas and duodenum which are responsible for the production of gastric acid have a tumor. Such leads to the excessive production of gastric acid which is responsible for digestion of food in the stomach, a factor which might risk causing ulcers (Dugdale, D. Zieve, D. 2008). In adding together, it has been evidently noted that peptic ulcers are genetic. Therefore, if you have a family history of ulcers or the blood type O, you are more likely to get a duodenal ulcer (Shayne Miller, 2009). Still established is the fact that cigarette smoking and excessive intake of alcohol are not only a ca use of peptic ulcers but also a great threat to the efficient treatment of ulcers. Apart from the many causes of peptic ulcers, are any thing that leads to the direct damage of the digestive wall lining. Such might include physical injury or even radiation therapy. Likewise, a very sick patient who is on a ventilator support is at high risk for a condition called stress ulceration. It is here to be noted that unlike many belief, diet has not been scientifically proven to cause peptic ulcers (Dugdale, D. Zieve, D. 2008). The last and most common factor to peptic ulcers is living in chronic stress or depression (Shayne Miller, 2009). This has been claimed to lead to the excess production of digestive acids thus eating out the stomach lining. Sign and Symptoms Thirdly is a discussion on the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcers. The most common symptom of peptic ulcers is having recurrent abdominal pains which are marked with a burning sensation. Such pains are located in the upper middle part of the abdomen. Also it can be felt like burning or gnawing and it may radiate to the back. It can be aggravated when the stomach is empty, and can worse at night and early morning. Another sign is the constant experiencing of heartburns and indigestion. It is to be noted that though peptic ulcers are more painful when the stomach is empty, such are a leading cause of lack of appetite and vomiting on the individual. Peptic ulcers are also attributed to the sudden loss of body weight in (gastric ulcer) because eating does not relieve the pain and could still worsen it. Yet (duodenal ulcers) will lead to gain weight because the patient eats to relieve pain (Lanza, Chan, Quigley, 2009). Other symptoms of peptic ulcers include the following: discomfort, B loating, and feelings of fullness. Added more symptoms are, feeling of an empty in the stomach, regurgitation (feeling of acid backing up into the throat), and belching. Still to be noted is that peptic ulcers have been closely associated with chest pains and feelings of fatigue. It should however be noted that some symptoms like sudden increase in abdominal pains, vomiting of blood and blood in stool are considered as critical signs of chronic peptic ulcers. All this signs are symbolic of the possibility that ulcers have either broken a blood vessel or perforated the stomach or duodenum walls. Such could also be as a result of the blockage of food from moving from stomach into the duodenum and thus causing vomiting (The American College of Gastroenterology, 2009). Effects of Peptic ulcer Peptic ulcers have many effects in the victims life. The most common is the fact that ulcers in most cases can not be full treated. They are usually recurrent particular to alcohol abusers and smokers. Just to be stated is that the majority of people with chronic ulcers experience considerable pain and sleeplessness; this can have a remarkable and adverse impact on their quality of life (Thompson, 1996). Another effect of peptic ulcers in the body is that they can lead internal bleeding especially when they perforate the stomach lining or break a blood vessel. Peptic ulcers can cause the ultimate obstruction of the gastric outlet, stomach and intestines as well as leading to the inflammation of tissues lining the abdomen. This leads to a serious health complication which might call for a surgical operation or even death (Cohen, 2007). Peptic ulcers if not treated early enough can penetrate into other internal body parts like liver as well as the pancreas and cause severe back pain. I t has also been found out that peptic ulcers can lead to perforation of the wall of the digestive system thus leading to the spilling of digestive system contents into the abdominal cavity. Such are very catastrophic to the patients life as can lead to acute peritonitis (The American College of Gastroenterology, 2009). It should also be noted that peptic ulcer can lead to the swelling of the abdominal wall thus compromising the free flow of food in the digestion system. Lastly, it has been established that peptic ulcers are a great contributing factor in causing peptic cancer. Such could mean a lifetime health complication on the person. This is because even after undergoing surgery operation for treating the problem, it is rarely possible for the individual to fully assume his or her normal lifestyle (NDDIC, 2004). Diagnosis Owing to our modern advancements in technology and medical research, the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of peptic ulcers has been made easier and more reliable. The diagnosis of peptic ulcers mainly involves an interview by the doctor to identify the presence of the many symptoms and signs of the condition. Such include recurrent abdominal pains, vomiting and blood in the patients stool (Cohen, 2007). It should however be noted that for a doctor to qualify a patient to be suffering from peptic ulcer requires for a number of medical tests. The first is the esophagogastroduodenoscopy which involves the insertion of a thin tube attached to a camera through the patients mouth into the digestive system. This helps the doctor to see the presence of sore in the stomach and small intestine walls. It should be noted here that helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of peptic ulcers (NDDIC, 2004). It is due to this reason that the doctor might take a biopsy from the patients stomach walls to test for the presence of the bacterium. Another test which is conducted is the upper G1 test. This involves a series of x-rays on the patients abdomen and is usually conducted after the patient has taken barium (Shayne Miller, 2009). It should be understood that the doctor might also request for a laboratory test of both blood and stool. The stool test seeks to establish the presence of blood in the patients stool while the hemoglobin test checks for anemia. All this tests are conducted as a way of ascertaining the level of the condition which helps in deciding the type of medication to be used. Treatment Treating of peptic ulcers has been greatly improved not only due to our medical advancements but due to the identification of the two major causes of disease among other risk factors. The treatment of peptic ulcers is mainly conducted as a concern for eliminating the underlying causes of the disease. This is because such an approach prevents any further damage and thus reducing chances of reoccurrence of the condition. Therefore, medication is mainly given for eliminating the helicobacter pylori bacteria as well as helping the body overcoming the symptoms of peptic ulcers. Many antacids are available without a prescription, since they are the first drugs suggested to alleviate heartburn and mild digestive disorders. Antacids are not useful to prevent or heal the ulcers; however they are able to assist in the neutralizing stomach acid. When the cause for the ulcer is H. pylori infection, a three-drug course of therapy for two weeks is the standard therapy for curing. This three-drug c ourse of therapy consists of two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). The most common antibiotics usually used to treat H. pylori infections are amoxicillin, or metronidazone. Proton pumps inhibitor (PPI) therapy (such as omeprazole or lansoprazole) these are drugs that reduce acid secretion by inhibiting the gastric acid pump. Other medications may include one or more of the following: Acid blockers (such as cimetidine or ranitidine) (NDDIC, 2004). However, if a peptic ulcer bleeds severely, an Endoscopy might be needed to stop the bleeding. Otherwise if the bleeding cannot be stopped with an Endoscopy, surgery might be essential. This involves the physical removal of the sores in the stomach or duodenum through endoscopy. A further surgical procedure is vagotomy which is cutting one or more branches of the vagus nerve to reduce hydrochloric acid secretion (Dugdale, D. Zieve, D. 2008). Apart from medication and surgery as ways of treating peptic ulcers, doctors usually a dvice on self-control from risk factors by the patient. These mainly include alcohol abuse and cigarette smoking as well as changes in diets. It has been evidently proved that taking of foods rich in fibers greatly reduces chances of sustaining peptic ulcers Prevention It should be noted that prevention is better than cure. It is therefore mainly advised that people avoid risk factors which can lead to peptic ulcers. In the past, it was broad way to tell people with peptic ulcers to change the way of eating habits by consuming small amount of meals, and frequent amounts of bland foods. Also people can stay away from peptic ulcers by avoiding things that increase stomach acid secretion and break down the stomachs protective barrier. These things include alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs along with aspirin. For preventing H. pylori caused peptic ulcers, people are advised to avoid living in crowded places, avoid contaminated water or food, and stick to strict principles of precautions as well as personal hygiene (NDDIC, 2004). Furthermore some evidence suggests that exercise may help reduce the risk for ulcers in some people. Other than, stress relief programs have not been shown to promote ulcer healin g, but they may have other health benefits (Stratemeier, 2009). In conclusion, it has been evidently established that peptic ulcers is becoming a common disease across the globe. Which can affect quite a lot of people especially Cigarette smokers and alcohol consumers. In addition the main causes of this disease are helicobacter pylori and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. It has however been clear recognized that there are many risk factor to the disease. Men are more victims to the disease as opposed to women (NDDIC, 2004). Such have been mainly attributed to genetic and hormonal composition of men as well as to the high prone rate of men to risk factors as compared to women. It was also clear that the ulcer caused by numerous reasons, and these reasons leading to several effects such as bleeding, perforation, and obstruction. However, peptic ulcers can be cured and even prevented if the patients are ready to modify their lifestyle and stick to their drug remedy. At last, the need for health educational activities is compulsory to increase the perception and awareness about the disease in the society. References Cohen, S. (2007). Peptic Ulcer Disease. Retrieved December 25, 2009, from http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec02/ch013/ch013e.html Dugdale, D. Zieve, D. (2008). Peptic Ulcer. Retrieved November 25, 2009. from http://www.healthline.com/adamcontent/peptic-ulcer Lanza, F., Chan, F. Quigley, E. (2009). Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for prevention of NSAID-related ulcer complications. Am J Gastroenterol, 104, 728-738. Malfertheiner, P. Chan, F. McColl, K. (2009) Peptic Ulcer Disease. Retrieved November 25, 2009. from http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(09)60938-7/abstract National Digestive Disease Information Clearinghouse. (2004). H. Pylori and Peptic Ulcer. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/hpylori/hpylori.pdf NHS Choices. (2009). Peptic Ulcer. Retrieved November 25, 2009, from http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/peptic-ulcer/Pages/Introduction.aspx Shayne, P., Miller, W. (2009). Gastritis and Peptic Ulcer Disease. Retrieved December 25, 2009, from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/776460-overview Stratemeier, M. (2009) Peptic Ulcers. Retrieved November 28, 2009. from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/peptic_ulcers/article_em.htm The American College of Gastroenterology. (2009). Peptic Ulcer Disease. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://www.gi.org/patients/gihealth/peptic.asp Thompson, W. (1996). The Ulcer Story: The Authoritative Guide to Ulcers, Dyspepsia, and Heartburn. New York: Plenum.

Domestic versus Foreign Poverty :: essays research papers

Personally, I mostly disagree with this statement although there are a few points in its favour. The bible provides the basis for Christian beliefs and values. The Catechism States: "Created in the image of the one God and equally endowed with rational souls, all men have the same nature and the same origin. Redeemed by the sacrifice of Christ, all are called to participate in the same divine beatitude: all therefore enjoy an equal dignity." This means that all men are equal in the eyes of God, and should be equal in each others. This means that we should treat each others as equal without considering race, nationality, sex or religion. ?All of you are Christ?s Body and each one is a part of it? (1 Corinthians 12:27). Therefore to ignore one man?s suffering is to ignore the body?s suffering as, ?If one part of the body suffers, all the other parts suffer with it? (1 Corinthians 12:26). To ignore one part of the body?s suffering causes the rest of the body to suffer. You cannot be a true Christian if you leave someone in poverty, as, if everyone is part of Christ?s body and all parts suffer if one does, then you are causing suffering to spread worldwide unchecked and even if you remove it from your community it still exists, so all still suffer. We should demonstrate the qualities set out by Jesus, to love thy neighbour, when we are dealing with anyone. Another important example, the parable of the Sheep and Goats shows the way that Good Christians should treat their fellow men. It says how Jesus ?will separate the people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats? (Matthew 21:32-33) This means that he will separate the righteous from the unrighteous. He will put those blessed by God at his right and those who have done wrong against God or their fellow man on his left. In this way does the shepherd separate the sheep from the goats. Jesus is a shepherd of men. He will always protect his flock. This parable shows that we will be judged on the Day of Judgement for our actions on Earth. We must repent of our wrongdoings and help all others.

Michael Pollan on Peter Singer

In his article published in the New York Times, Michael Pollan interprets Peter Singer’s thoutghs as those of an ardent defender of animal rights, especially with regard to those slaughtered for meat.According to Pollan, Singer looks at the moral obligation of treating people with equal capabilities and uses it in the context of the relationship between people and animals.   Singer’s argument is not to give animals equal rights with people per se, but at least consider their rights where they both share interest.Because avoiding pain is a behavior associated with both humans and animals, animals should be given moral consideration on those grounds. Singer’s arguments, according to Pollan, have led to the conversion of thousands of people into vegetarians. Singer is therefore depicted as strong animal rights crusader.Pollan defends the meat eating culture in a number of ways. First, he believes that animals have the habit of eating each other all the time, and t herefore human beings are justified to eat them. The problem with this argument is that animals kill in order to survive. Human beings, on the other hand, do not have to kill to survive.  His second argument on why human beings should kill animals is based on domestication of animals. His position is that farm animals would be worse off if they lived in the wild.   However, domestication is driven by a demand, and that is the reason why domesticated animals exist.Indeed, animal rightist believe that if there were no domesticated animals, there would be no suffering for them. Pollan finally accepts that animal suffering is a legitimate problem, but expresses the need to solve human problems first. Again, this perspective puts animals at a disadvantage because they cannot participate in any moral decision making process.Pollan appears to embrace utilitarianism on the grounds that humans owe animals that can feel pain moral consideration, and this justifies why they should be eaten . Pollan concludes that industrialization has led to the loss of human feelings, which he refers as dehumanization. Specifically, he points out that America raises and slaughters animals in a brutal manner more than any other country.However, he insists that there is some kind of protectionism, whereby a variety of key players lack adequate information on the real status of the meat industry in America. If this information were to become available, the meat industry would undergo an overnight transformation, with meat becoming more expensive.  Ã‚  People will eat meat while giving the animals the respect they deserve. Pollan does not call for total abolishment of the places where animals are slaughtered, but rather advocates for a more humane way of growing and slaughtering them.Pollan’s argument appears more rational because his case is argued from a holistic perspective, taking views from both animal rightists and meat crusaders. His final stand is based on an analysis of the interests of both the animal rightists and meat crusaders, while that of singer appears to strictly consider animal rights only. Meat eating has featured in the diet of human beings for a long time.The hunter-gatherer societies and the early man both exploited meat, not for luxury but for subsistence. The idea of animal farming is to sustain the meat industry without compromising the availability of meat in the future. This, however, should be done in the most humane way. For example, animals should be allocated sufficient space for exercise while they are being grown. They should also be slaughtered in such a manner that they should encounter least pain.ReferencesPollan, M. (2002). An Animals Place. The New York Times magazine. Retrieved from http://michaelpollan.com/article.php?id=55 on 9th April 2009

The Cheese and the Worms essays

The Cheese and the Worms essays Not much is known of the popular (peasant) culture of the western world during the sixteenth century. There are virtually no records regarding how they lived their daily lives or what their religious beliefs were. Historians are therefore forced to piece together as much information as possible in order to make an educated guess of what life was like for the 16th century peasant. One historian, Carlo Ginzburg, took an original approach to shedding a new light on this ever intriguing issue. In his book The Cheese and the Worms: The Cosmos of a Sixteenth-Century Miller, 1976, Ginzburg analyzes the court inquisition and elite book collection of a very religiously opinionated miller, Domenico Scandella (more commonly referred to as Menocchio). He finds that Menocchios ideas are a mix of the texts he had read and the oral tradition of which he is a part. Ginzburg argues that a glimpse of the ideas of the general peasant culture can be found by analyzing Menocchios statements and sub tracting the knowledge Menocchio had acquired from reading the elite text books. It can be argued that Ginzburgs thesis and the methodology behind it are inappropriate, irresponsible, and ineffective; however, I propose to the contrary. Ginzburg presents his thesis in a very appropriate, very responsible, and very effective way with a great deal of examples backing it. One of Ginzburgs main objectives is to compare Menocchios statements to the books that were found in his possession at the time of the trial. Nearly all of Menocchios religious ideas have a corollary in one of the works noted. Ginzburg is also trying to derive a picture of the peasant culture by analyzing the difference between Menocchios statements and the texts. He does this in several ways: 1) Ginzburg makes note that Menocchios statements are both contorted and awkward, and 2) he addresses from where these contorted and awkwar...

Building Customer Loyalty Essays

Building Customer Loyalty Essays Building Customer Loyalty Essay Building Customer Loyalty Essay This data will then be used for a progression of reports to determine status of the purchase order as It runs through the system. The principle goal is by customer provide a precise status of a purchase order that is submitted electronically. Over the last 10 years our company has fought with lost electronic orders and no outlook into status. The appeal has been generated to produce a database for customer service to retrieve, to be able to have one click access to status of a purchase order effortlessly. Also vital is a register of any impending lost orders for search to confirm customers are not asking on orders we have not yet handled. This will also help to outline metrics around order handling times to set standards for what is occurring today and create enhancements in those processing times. There will be seven tables in this database source system customer data, order data, corrections table data, comparison results table, drop ship corrections, end system data, and workflow status. The source system table will be comprised of columns for customer name, customer purchase order number, status, and transmitted date. The customer table will comprise of columns for customer name and customer number. Corrections table will offer columns for customer purchase order number, system reference data, date received and error message. Drop ship table will consist of customer purchase order number and error message. Workflow table will merely have customer purchase order number and status. End system table will comprise the data related to the sales order, sales order number, order date, customer purchase order number, and order status. Lastly the comparison table will be the output results of assessing all the tables together against the source yester table to end with a complied catalog of all orders by date selection with each status point. Since customer purchase order number is the shared Join element from each table it will be the main connection point. Some of the data covers additional data In the same domain as the purchase order number so It will be essential to have logic that focuses on this to prevent replication of rows. The data design will be text or numeric based on the type of data to certify that joins work accurately. This database will contain macros permitting user to import all the data effortlessly without having o key information manually, as well as permit for manual entry of data. It will also comprise of macros that complete the required reports so the users can implement one click reporting where conceivable. This will ensure stability in the output data. The data as It Is Introduced will be Joined to the primary tables Instead of generating new ones can time so Tanat over time tanner Is a comprehensive teases going Deck adequately to confirm users have sufficient data to offer status on any purchase order collected electronically. The primary scope of the database is orders located by EDI or electronic data interchange amongst customers and supplier. The long term goal is to also comprise outbound invoice and advance shipping notification data to be able to do same evaluations by customer or date range with status of those documents as well. The advantage of this database is to deliver better control over our data management and be able to arrange for quicker replies to our customers when asking about incoming purchase order documents. Today the data is fragmented and not offered in one location rendering it tough to track the full status of a particular purchase order. In conclusion the database will be managed by customer service and information system support personnel to deliver statements to customers on electronic orders. Retaining the reports for any orders that have not produced a sales order with one click response allows for customer service to be further proactive on possible lost order data. Possessing this data before the customer inquiries to get the request into the system and make available fulfillment updates once the customers demand will increase the affiliation between supplier and customer.

Throughout history, individuals have had a significant impact on the Essay

Throughout history, individuals have had a significant impact on the outcome of events and on the development of cultures and so - Essay Example The change had enormous effects on the political arena as both Iran and America severed all its ties with each other; capturing of American hostages by Iran for 444 days, American subsequent unleashing of Saddam Hussein which ultimately led to the disastrous Iran-Iraq War. Under his government the most evident change that occurred in Iran was the change in its societal system. Iran was considered one of the most liberal countries in the world but after his taking of power its social order changed from a relatively free to strict conservative order. Women, at one point, were allowed to go down the street without Hijab; after Khomeini came into power all that changed and Hijab was made compulsory for women. Other effects on the societal system were that Iran had relatively stable religious communities which were not prosecuted under the Shah’s dictatorship but now they were openly targeted because of the contradiction of their faith with Islamic faith. A prime example of this is the Jewish population of Iran; during the times of Shah, the Iranian population was close to 80,000 to 90,000 but after Khomeini came into power it decreased to merely 20,000.

Insurance company Bupa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Insurance company Bupa - Research Paper Example It would be followed by discussions which would help in concluding that whether the perception from the literature review and the results of the analysis are in line or not. The study would be concluding with an insight into the conclusion derived from the entire study. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 3 Objectives of the study 4 Company Introduction and History 4 Bupa’s journey in Saudi Arabia 4 Problems faced by Bupa initially 5 How does Bupa manage success? 5 Challenges faced by Bupa in Saudi Arabia 6 How they manage their success in Saudi Arabia? 6 Literature Review 6 Financial Information 9 Framework of the Study 10 Analysis 10 Discussion 10 Recommendations 11 Conclusion 11 References 13 Appendices 14 Appendix 1: For the managers 14 Appendix 2: For the customers 30 Introduction Health or wellness always remains one of the most concerning issues because chronic diseases have increased in number in today’s world and is continuing to incre ase even further. Presently, there have been increased health problems related to obesity as well as heart disease. The other concerning diseases include diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer etc. This increases the necessity of the efficient services of the healthcare organizations in order to provide remedies to these concerning issues. It also raises the demand on the insurance covering the individuals. Objectives of the study The objectives of this study are: To understand the past and present situation of Bupa. To analyze the challenges faced by Bupa from global perspective. To analyze the challenges faced by Bupa in Saudi Arabia. Company Introduction and History BUPA is an international corporation which provides healthcare services to more than 14 million customers in almost 190 countries. It is headquartered in London, United Kingdom. The company is privately owned and acts as an alternative to the United Kingdom National Health Services (i.e. NHS). The company was actua lly established in the year 1947 when seventeen different British provident associations united together for providing healthcare services to the general public. The actual services offered by the company included private medical insurance facilities which gradually expanded towards running BUPA hospitals. The healthcare organization initially had registration of 38000 which increased to 14 million customers all over the world. It has become one of the leading private health insurance servers in United Kingdom. Gradually the organization has implemented diversification in its services from the health insurance business to international healthcare organization providing healthcare services to a large number of customers. Bupa’s journey in Saudi Arabia Bupa Arabia is a cooperative insurance provider in Saudi Arabia. It is a publicly traded organization having a paid up capital of SR 400 million. It provides health insurance by remaining in compliance with the necessities in Sau di Arabia Monetary Agency and Cooperative Health Insurance Council. It was started as a joint venture with ‘Nazer Group’ in the year 1997. Presently it is the biggest health insurance provider in the entire region having greater than 1.2 million customers. Under all the insurance regulations, the organization has started evolving its business from joint venture to the public listed company that is providing cooperative

Social Work Practice- Alcohol Misuse in Young People of Ages of 16-19 Essay

Social Work Practice- Alcohol Misuse in Young People of Ages of 16-19 Years - Essay Example Psychological theories play a very important role in the social work practice on alcohol abuse among the young people. According to the Social Learning theory by Albert Bandura, people are not born with specific types of behavior (Monti, 2002; pp. 3-6). This is to mean that people learn behaviors from different contexts such as the environment in which the individuals live in. The theorist continues to indicate that the response patterns that individuals acquire are either acquire through direct experience or through observation of concepts they see in their environment (Monti, 2002; pp. 3-6). On the grounds of this theory, it is validated to indicate that the environment is the major source of learning and the main source of observable behavior. In the context of the young adults aged 16-19 years, the theory explains that they learn new behaviors through modeling. Additionally, Bandura argues that the social behaviors are learned through watching as well as performing the actions learned. For instance, a young teenager who sees his/her peers using alcohol as a form of recreation, they are likely to learn this behavior and even adopt the same as part of their lifestyle (Monti, 2002; pp. 3-6). Despite numerous criticisms that the social learning theory simply takes the individuals as mere unreceptive recipients of the stimuli in the environment as Bingham & Conner argue (2010; pp.10), this theory is relevant in the study of alcohol misuse, as the misuse of alcohol can be termed as a social practice as the misusers of the alcohol simply learn the habit as a result of mere interactions with the various actors in the environment. The biopsychosocial model of addiction explains that alcohol misuse has a link with the psychological and social factors  (Miller, 2011; pp.12). Biologically, individuals may have the genetic inheritance of alcohol syndrome while psychosocially, the environment may influence an individual to alcohol misuse.  

Just War Theory and a Thoughtful Realist Essay Example for Free

Just War Theory and a Thoughtful Realist Essay One important theory within International Relations shows a moral aspect on how to conduct war. This theory is called Just War Theory. Just War Theory is a doctrine of military ethics from a philosophical and Catholic viewpoint. This theory consists of two parts: Jus ad bellum (the right to go to war) and Jus in bello (right conduct within war). Jus a bellum, the right to go to war, explicitly describes how a nation-state should conduct itself before preparing for war. There are seven sub-categories within Jus a bellum: Just Cause, Comparative Justice, Competent Authority, Right Intention, Profitability of Success, Last Resort, and Proportionality. Just Cause is explained as needing to have a reason to go to war. Not just for recapturing material possessions, but if lives are in danger. Comparative Justice is described, as the suffering and injustice on one side within a war must outweigh the suffering and injustice on the opposite side. Competent Authority must be in order within a war. Nation-states that start war must only start it if the authorities within the nation-state are focused on justice. Right Intention is defined as; force may be only used for a just cause correcting a suffered wrong. Gaining or maintaining economies by a nation-state is not considered just. Profitability of Success indicates that arms are not to be used where unbalanced measures are pertinent to be successful. The Last Resort category is presented as; force in war may only be used if peaceful alternatives have been completely depleted. The final category, Proportionality, is the foreseen benefits of starting war must be proportionate to its expected wrongs. Jus in bello, right conduct within war, shows how a nation-state should handle different situations within a war. There are five sub-categories within Jus in bello: Distinction, Proportionality, Military Necessity, Fair Treatment of Prisoners of War, and No Means malum in se (evil within itself). Distinction is described as; nobody in war should attack those not involved in war. No one should bomb civilian areas where there are no military targets. Also, those in war should not target those who have been captured, surrendered, or do not present immediate threat. Proportionality is the idea that an attack cannot be launched on a military objective in the knowledge that the incidental civilian injuries would outweigh the military advantage. Military Necessity is demonstrated as the use of the most minimal force to limit the unnecessary death of civilians. Fair Treatment of Prisoners of War, under Just War Theory, is important. It prohibits the mistreating or torturing of captured enemies because they no longer pose a threat. The final category is No Means malum in se. This prohibits the use of evil weapons and methods of warfare including: mass rape, nuclear weapons, and biological warfare. The Just War Theory explicitly details on how war should be carried out by a nation-state. Although war involves deaths and destructions, this is one of the most moral ways to handle warfare. In the world of realism, a thoughtful realist would like to believe that every single one of these categories would be played out perfectly. But, there are many inhibitors with each of these. A thoughtful realist would not believe with the concepts of Just Cause and Profitability of Success because nation-states need to protect their territories and their economy to stay in their current position of power. Under the concept of Last Resort, a thoughtful realist would agree not to jump into war immediately, but if a major threat were to happen upon a nation-state, it would be necessary. Proportionality within Jus ad bellum and Jus in bello coincides with the views of the realists of stability within a nation-state. Realists understand the effects of war on civilians. Contrary to Distinction and Military Necessity, Realists recognize that within war there are many casualties and sometimes they are of civilians and those not involved in the war. With terrorist groups of today, a thoughtful realist would say that torture of those captured is sometimes pertinent to safeguard the state. This combats the view of Fair Treatment of Prisoners of War. When the safety of a country is at risk, a realist would agree that it becomes a vital interest. This vital interest could lead to nuclear or biological warfare depending on the severity of the vital interest. Within the No Mean malum in se category, it overtly condemns this. But a thoughtful realist would agree that these steps might be necessary in some situations. A thoughtful realist would agree with one part of the category, which states that mass rape is completely immoral. A thoughtful realist would want to agree with every statement within the Just War Theory. However, understanding when protection and vital interests are at stake, a thoughtful realist would agree to disregard most of the Just Law Theory to safeguard the country.

How Romanticism Changed Societys Way of Thinking Essay -- Romanticism

To understand how Romanticism changed the way society thought, you must first understand the meanings and reason behind the movement. The Romantic Movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries was described as a movement in the history of culture, an aesthetic style, and an attitude of mind. (Fiero) Romanticism provided expression of their thoughts and ideas toward their own societies, which was in effect predominantly in Europe and in the United States. The movement was a reaction to the Enlightenment which provided strict ideology and rationalism. The Church had much to do with the Enlightenment seeing as if religion and the importance of God were incorporated into most aspects of their culture. Thus, Romanticism was a response to the Enlightenment Movement and their religious ideology. Romantics began to believe that it was important to be in touch with your emotions. Romanticism was viewed as an assertion of intuitive individualism and the primacy of feeling. (Fiero) These ideas lead to more detail and expression in art. Portraits are perfect examples for the subject of the individual because in portraits you can see what the person was feeling. Artists typically painted as a reaction of what was going on around them and portraits gave them the opportunity to express what their society was like. Traditionally, records of individual likeness, portraits became vehicles for expressing a range of psychological and emotional states in the hands of Romantic painters. (Galitz) In the book Toward a Theory of Romanticism the author Morse Peckham gives his own idea on the theory of Romanticism. He gave his opinion on the theory of romanticism because he proclaims that while there is a definition for the romanticism movement, ... ...lt good about themselves as human beings. Because they acquired this mindset, they used their instinct to form opinions on issues that they dealt with at that time. People’s morals changed because of Romanticism and that changed the mentality of individuals for the better. Without individuality, society would yield all excitement and become very dull. Works Cited Galitz, Kathryn Calley. "Romanticism". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. Fiero, Gloria K. The Humanistic Tradition 6th ed. Vol. II New York: McGraw Hill, 2011 Print. Gleckner, Robert F., and Gerald E. Enscoe. "Toward a Theory of Romanticism." Romanticism; Points of View. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1970. Print. Curran, Stuart. The Cambridge Companion to British Romanticism. Cambridge [England: Cambridge UP, 1993. Print.

Alcohol Peer Pressure in College Essay

In the article â€Å"Above the Influence,† the main idea focuses on how alcohol in college has clinched onto society and is now considered a norm. The goal of this study was to explore how non drinking college students negotiated communication about a potentially stigmatized behavior abstinence from alcohol (675). The concept of the paper goes into depth on how students who don’t drink alcohol are usually an outcast or fall into peer pressure to fit in. In order to support the claims, researchers conducted an experiment to prove their hypothesis. They used both strict non drinkers and drinkers and placed the participants on a party school campus where alcohol is greatly abused. The actions of the kids varied on whether they would keep their non drinking low key or allow others to know about their situation. The research allowed the experimenters to see the variation of how the abstinent drinkers used communication to still fit in. The claims I most agreed with was allowing different non drinkers with various backgrounds to be put in similar situations. The diversity gave a better out look on how they would try to still be social even without the alcohol consumption. When the students used their different tactics to party without upsetting the other drinkers, I believe the empty cup was the best plan (679). When you’re communicating and trying to avoid any issues or quarrels, it is best to please the opposite party. Although some of the students did not drink, holding a cup would allow them to socialize without being hounded. Drinking has become a normality in both college and adult culture. It can even be seen as disrespectful to some to refuse the offer or abstain from it. The empty cup allows positive face to take place without questioning or disturbance from drunken or concerned peers. Participant Kristen stated that the cup gave her â€Å"control† of the situation and did give any negative vibes toward others. She was able to fit in the crowd with no problem. The non alcoholic cup could also allow the student to assimilate with new friends without feeling awkward or left out. It can give power to those who feel uncomfortable and out of place when faced with alcohol. Being a minority can always be harsh but the cup trick allowed a path into the majority without losing morals and beliefs. The claims that I did not agree with the most was blatantly telling fellow party goers that they were not drinkers. Choosing to abstain from alcohol should be kept as a private matter and does not need to be show boated or announced. A non drinker who states their lifestyle can be seen as a prude or over responsible. Their actions can belittle a social drinker and even stir up an argument (678). As shown in the article, participant Andy was caught in an argument with a girl after declaring his abstinence. He could have hurt his relationship if the issue had gotten out of hand. His honesty without privacy has caused an uneasy feeling among others. Some of the students could have tried to please themselves and their peers by using a prop to get out of pressure. College students already know how hard it is to assimilate without adding alcohol to the mix and should try to avoid any persecution. In many cases it is great to own up to a positive lifestyle, but dealing with young adults is in another spectrum. The brutality and insults given by peers can damage a person both emotionally and mentally. The bashing can also cause one to change their outlook or mentality about drinking. By being unaccepted into the norm, a person can try to change their selves to fit in. Not only can denying drinking be an issue to the victim, but also a fellow peer. Alcohol is not always the center of a party or get together, but it is shown that when someone refuses a drink, the offered can feel offended, as if he or she were being dismissed as a person (677). Looking to keep the best interest of both parties is not to inform others about personal decisions. The experiment overall did allow many questions to be debunked, but I don’t agree with using a college as a normal situation. In college, students are given a great amount of freedom which causes curiosity and experimenting. Whether it is with drugs or alcohol, college students use foreign or illegal items excessive when they are accessible. Most students are able to kick the negative habits when they are thrown into the real world and given real problems. The experiment should have been used in both college and adult life to give a feel on how being a non drinker is abnormal. I believe that a non drinker would be more accepted in a real world situation because being responsible is admirable when older. When put into a college realm, people tend to be very judgmental due to the level of maturity. Peer pressure never disappears but it does subside when the level of maturity develops fully. Adults do not force or ridicule others when they are giving off a positive action. Although non drinkers can fall into stereotypical types such as a recovering alcoholic (676), it is easy to kick the labels when older. Therefore I do believe this article and research met the goal of different communication skills when dealing with abnormal choices in society. The experiment allowed to explore the responses of people when deciding on how they deal with abstaining from alcohol. Some of the feedback gave positive and accepting results while other communication methods created tension and unwanted stress. Although some forms of communication worked better in social situations rather than others, having an array of different attitudes helped determined which faces worked best in college. The positive face allowed participants to have both a good time and maintain their safety. The other participants who chose their own route did have a hard time being accepted by others. Both methods created different paths, but allowed their abstinence of alcohol to be accepted in either a positive or negative light.